19 December 2025 Punjab Khabarnama Bureau : Indian scientists have issued a cautionary assessment outlining how the H5N1 avian influenza virus could potentially adapt and spread to humans, underscoring the importance of early surveillance and preventive strategies. The findings come amid growing global concern over sporadic human infections linked to bird flu and the virus’s ability to evolve.
H5N1, commonly known as bird flu, primarily affects birds but has occasionally infected humans through close contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments. While sustained human-to-human transmission has not yet occurred, scientists warn that genetic changes could alter this scenario if the virus adapts to human biology.
According to researchers, one of the key risks lies in mutations that allow the virus to bind more effectively to human respiratory cells. Currently, H5N1 prefers receptors found in the lower respiratory tract, which limits its ability to spread easily between people. However, changes enabling the virus to attach to receptors in the upper airway could significantly increase transmissibility through coughing or sneezing.
Another potential pathway involves reassortment, a process in which the H5N1 virus exchanges genetic material with seasonal human influenza viruses. Such mixing can occur when a host, such as a human or pig, is infected with both viruses simultaneously. This could create a hybrid strain with the contagiousness of seasonal flu and the severity of bird flu.
Scientists have also highlighted occupational exposure as a key concern. Poultry workers, farmers, and individuals involved in live bird markets face a higher risk of exposure due to prolonged contact with infected birds. Without adequate protective measures, these settings could become initial points of transmission.
Environmental factors may also play a role. The virus can survive for extended periods in cold and moist conditions, increasing the risk of indirect transmission through contaminated surfaces or water sources in affected areas.
Indian researchers emphasize that early detection is critical. Genomic surveillance of avian influenza strains circulating in birds can help identify mutations that signal increased risk to humans. Strengthening laboratory networks and data sharing between animal and human health agencies is seen as essential to prevent outbreaks.
Public health experts stress that while the current risk to the general population remains low, preparedness is vital. Vaccination strategies, antiviral stockpiles, and rapid response mechanisms can significantly reduce the impact if human transmission occurs.
The findings also highlight the importance of the One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. Coordinated monitoring of poultry farms, wildlife, and human populations can help detect warning signs early.
Indian scientists have urged policymakers to invest in research, surveillance, and public awareness to mitigate potential threats. Transparent communication and global cooperation will be key to preventing localized outbreaks from escalating into a pandemic.
While there is no immediate cause for alarm, experts agree that understanding how H5N1 could cross the species barrier is crucial. Proactive measures today could prevent a major public health crisis tomorrow.
Summary
Indian scientists warn that mutations or genetic mixing could enable the H5N1 bird flu virus to spread to humans, highlighting the need for early surveillance and strong public health preparedness.